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Noble metals supported on reducible oxides, like CoO_xand TiO_x, exhibit superior activity in many chemical reactions, but the origin of the increased activity is not well understood. To answer this question we studied thin films of CoO_xsupported on an Au(111) single crystal surface as a model for the CO oxidation reaction. We show that three reaction regimes exist in response to chemical and topographic restructuring of the CoO_xcatalyst as a function of reactant gas phase CO/O₂stoichiometry and temperature. Under oxygen-lean conditions and moderate temperatures (≤150 °C), partially oxidized films (CoO_x<1) containing Co⁰were found to be efficient catalysts. In contrast, stoichiometric CoO films containing only Co²⁺form carbonates in the presence of CO that poison the reaction below 300 °C. Under oxygen-rich conditions a more oxidized catalyst phase (CoO_x>1) forms containing Co³⁺species that are effective in a wide temperature range. Resonant photoemission spectroscopy (ResPES) revealed the unique role of Co³⁺sites in catalyzing the CO oxidation. Density function theory (DFT) calculations provided deeper insights into the pathway and free energy barriers for the reactions on these oxide phases. These findings in this work highlight the versatility of catalysts and their evolution to form different active phases, both topological and chemically, in response to reaction conditions exposing a new paradigm in the catalyst structure during operation.

 

Abstract Ni-based superalloys offer a unique combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and high temperature performance. Near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to study in operando the initial steps of oxidation for Ni-5Cr, Ni-15Cr, Ni-30Cr and Ni-15Cr-6W at 500 °C, p(O 2 )=10 −6 mbar. The comparison of oxide evolution for these alloys quantifies the outsized impact of W in promoting chromia formation. For the binary alloys an increase in chromia due to Cr-surface enrichment is followed by NiO nucleation and growth thus seeding a dual-layer structure. The addition of W (Ni-15Cr-6W) shifts the reaction pathways towards chromia thus enhancing oxide quality. Density functional theory calculations confirm that W atoms adjacent to Cr create highly favorable oxygen adsorption sites. The addition of W supercharges the reactivity of Cr with oxygen essentially funneling oxygen atoms into Cr sites. The experimental results are discussed in the context of surface composition, chemistry, reactant fluxes, and microstructure. 

High-voltage lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) with LiCoO 2 (LCO) as the cathode have high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities. However, it remains a challenge for stable cycling of LCO >4.5 V Li . Here we demonstrate that a rationally designed sulfonamide-based electrolyte can greatly improve the cycling stability at high voltages up to 4.7 V Li by stabilizing the electrode–electrolyte interfaces (EEIs) on both the Li-metal anode (LMA) and high-voltage LCO cathode. With the sulfonamide-based electrolyte, commercial LCO cathodes retain 89% and 85% of their capacities after 200 and 100 cycles under high charging voltages of 4.55 V Li and 4.6 V Li , respectively, significantly outperforming traditional carbonate-based electrolytes. The surface degradation, impedance growth, and detrimental side reactions in terms of gas evolution and Co dissolution are well suppressed. Our work demonstrates a promising strategy for designing new electrolytes to realize high-energy Li||LCO batteries. 

Physical neural networks made of analog resistive switching processors are promising platforms for analog computing. State-of-the-art resistive switches rely on either conductive filament formation or phase change. These processes suffer from poor reproducibility or high energy consumption, respectively. Herein, we demonstrate the behavior of an alternative synapse design that relies on a deterministic charge-controlled mechanism, modulated electrochemically in solid-state. The device operates by shuffling the smallest cation, the proton, in a three-terminal configuration. It has a channel of active material, WO₃. A solid proton reservoir layer, PdH_x, also serves as the gate terminal. A proton conducting solid electrolyte separates the channel and the reservoir. By protonation/deprotonation, we modulate the electronic conductivity of the channel over seven orders of magnitude, obtaining a continuum of resistance states. Proton intercalation increases the electronic conductivity of WO₃by increasing both the carrier density and mobility. This switching mechanism offers low energy dissipation, good reversibility, and high symmetry in programming.